| Style sheet is a progressive breakthrough for the | | | | contained within it is a level two heading. It has a |
| advancement of web. Today, more and more | | | | lower level of importance than h1 headings, but a |
| browsers are implementing style sheets, opening | | | | higher level of importance than h3 headings. This |
| authors' eyes to unique features that allow | | | | aspect of the h2 element is structural |
| influence over presentation while preserving | | | | .Customarily, headings are rendered in decreasing |
| platform independence. The advantages of style | | | | order of size, with h1 as the largest, because |
| sheets have become - apparent -- and the | | | | larger headings are usually interpreted to have |
| disadvantage of continually creating more HTML | | | | greater importance than smaller ones. Headings |
| tags -- galore -- for presentation effects with the | | | | are also typically rendered in a bold font in order |
| gradual development of CSS.Let's understand CSS | | | | to give them additional emphasis. The h2 element |
| in the right perspective.Style sheets in | | | | may be rendered in bold face, and in a font larger |
| retrospectStyle sheets have been around in one | | | | than h3 but smaller than h1 . This aspect of the |
| form or another since the beginnings of HTML in | | | | h2 element is presentational .Prior to CSS, |
| the early 1990s .As the HTML language grew, | | | | document authors who wanted to assign a |
| however, it came to encompass a wider variety | | | | specific color, font, size, or other characteristic to |
| of stylistic capabilities to meet the demands of | | | | all h2 headings had to use the HTML font element |
| web developers . With such capabilities, style | | | | for each occurrence of that heading |
| sheets became less important, and an external | | | | type.Moreover, CSS can be used with XML, to |
| language for the purposes of defining style | | | | allow such structured documents to be rendered |
| attributes was not widely accepted until the | | | | with full stylistic control over layout, typography, |
| development of CSS.Teething problems with | | | | color, and so forth in any suitable user agent or |
| implementation of CSSMany implementations of | | | | web browser.CSS has its share of inconsistencies |
| CSS are fraught with inconsistencies, bugs and | | | | as wellCSS may at times be misused, particularly |
| other quirks . Authors have commonly had to use | | | | by the author of web documents. Some |
| hacks and workarounds in order to obtain | | | | developers who are accustomed to designing |
| consistent results across web browsers and | | | | documents strictly in HTML may overlook or |
| platforms .One of the most well-known CSS bugs | | | | ignore the enabling features of CSS. For instance, |
| is the Internet Explorer box model bug; box | | | | a document author who is comfortable with |
| widths are interpreted incorrectly in several | | | | HTML markup that mixes presentation with |
| versions of the browser, resulting in blocks which | | | | structure may opt to use strictly embedded CSS |
| appear as expected in most browsers, but are | | | | styles in all documents. While this may be an |
| too narrow when viewed in Internet Explorer. The | | | | improvement over using deprecated HTML |
| bug can be avoided, but not without some cost in | | | | presentational markup, it suffers from some of |
| terms of functionality.This is just one of hundreds | | | | the same problems that mixed-markup HTML |
| of CSS bugs that have been documented in | | | | does; specifically, it entails a similar amount of |
| various versions of Internet Explorer, Netscape, | | | | document maintenance.Discrepancies compared: |
| Mozilla, and Opera many of which reduce the | | | | CSS vs programming languagesCSS also shares |
| legibility of documents. The proliferation of such | | | | some pitfalls common with programming |
| bugs in CSS implementations has made it difficult | | | | languages. In particular, the problem of choosing |
| for designers to achieve a consistent appearance | | | | appropriate names for CSS classes and identifiers |
| across platforms.Currently there is strong | | | | may afflict CSS authors. In the attempt to |
| competition between Mozilla's Gecko layout engine, | | | | choose descriptive names for CSS classes, |
| Opera's Presto layout engine , and the KHTML | | | | authors might associate the class name with |
| engine used in both Apple's Safari and the Linux | | | | desired presentational attributes; for example, a |
| Konqueror browsers - each of them is leading in | | | | CSS class to be applied to emphasized text might |
| different aspects of CSS. Internet Explorer | | | | be named "bigred," implying that it is rendered in a |
| remains the worst at rendering CSS by standards | | | | large red font.While such a choice of naming may |
| set down by World Wide Web Consortium as of | | | | be intuitive to the document author, it can cause |
| 2005 .Some breakthroughs ...These problems have | | | | problems if the author later decides that the |
| preisely led the W3C to revise the CSS2 standard | | | | emphasized text should instead be green; the |
| into CSS2.1, which may be regarded as something | | | | author is left with a CSS class called "bigred" that |
| of a working snapshot of current CSS support. | | | | describes something that is green. In this instance, |
| CSS2 properties which no browser had | | | | a more appropriate class name might have been |
| successfully implemented were dropped, and in a | | | | "emphasized," to better describe the purpose or |
| few cases, defined behaviours were changed to | | | | intent of the class, rather than the appearance of |
| bring the standard into line with the predominant | | | | elements of that class.In a programming language, |
| existing implementations..What makes style sheets | | | | such a misuse might be analogous to using a |
| significant enough?et representsStyle she an | | | | variable name "five" for a variable which contains |
| enormous step forward for the Web. With the | | | | the value 5; however, if the value of the variable |
| separation of content and presentation between | | | | changes to 7, the name is no longer |
| HTML and style sheets, the Web no longer needs | | | | appropriate.CSS in a nutshellCSS is used by both |
| to drift away from the strong ideal of platform | | | | the authors and readers of web pages to define |
| independence that provided the medium with its | | | | colors, fonts, layout and other aspects of |
| initial push of popularity. Authors can finally | | | | document presentation. It is designed primarily to |
| influence the presentation of documents without | | | | enable the separation of document structure |
| leaving pages unreadable to usersA style sheet is | | | | (written in HTML or a similar markup language) |
| made up of style rules that tell a browser how to | | | | from document presentation (written in CSS).This |
| present a document. There are various ways of | | | | separation provides a number of benefits, including |
| linking these style rules to your HTML documents, | | | | improved content accessibility, greater flexibility |
| but the simplest method for starting out is to use | | | | and control in the specification of presentational |
| HTML's STYLE element. This element is placed in | | | | characteristics, and reduced complexity of the |
| the document HEAD, and it contains the style | | | | structural content. CSS is also capable of |
| rules for the page.Functionality and Usage of | | | | controlling the document's style separately in |
| CSSCSS is well-designed to allow the separation | | | | alternative rendering methods, such as on-screen |
| of presentation and structure. Prior to CSS, nearly | | | | in print, by voice (when read out by a |
| all of the presentational attributes of an HTML | | | | speech-based browser or screen reader) and on |
| document were contained within the HTML code; | | | | braille-based, tactile devices.CSS allows complete |
| all font colors, background styles, element | | | | and total control over the style of a hypertext |
| alignments, borders and sizes had to be explicitly | | | | document. The only way this can be illustrated in |
| described, often repeatedly, in the midst of the | | | | a way that gets people excited is by |
| HTML code.CSS allows authors to move much of | | | | demonstrating what it can truly be, once the reins |
| that information to a stylesheet, resulting in | | | | are placed in the hands of those able to create |
| considerably simpler HTML code. The HTML | | | | beauty from structure.Deepak Sharma is a Web |
| documents become much smaller and web | | | | Designer at at BlueApple, a Web Design and |
| browsers will usually cache sites' CSS stylesheets. | | | | Development Company with a well connected |
| This leads to a reduction in network traffic and | | | | development infrastructure in India having a |
| noticeably quicker page downloads.For example, | | | | strong portfolio offering superior web services |
| the HTML element h2 specifies that the text | | | | and solutions at competitive costs. |